Infection

Area of a polygon

Grades 6-9

Ask questions that arise from careful observation of phenomena, models, or unexpected results, to clarify and/or seek additional information.

Ask questions to clarify and/or refine a model, an explanation, or an engineering problem.

Develop and/or use a model to generate data to test ideas about phenomena in natural or designed systems, including those representing inputs and outputs, and those unobservable scales.

Collect data to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence to answer scientific questions or test design solutions under a range of conditions.

Collect data about the performance of a proposed object, tool, process or system under a range of conditions.

Analyze data to define an optimal operational range for a proposed object, tool, process or system that best meets criteria for success.

Use mathematical representations to describe and/or support scientific conclusions and design solutions.

Construct an explanation using models or representations.

Construct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students' own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future.

Respectfully provide and receive critiques about one's explanations, procedures, models, and questions by citing relevant evidence and posing and responding to questions that elicit pertinent elaboration and detail.

Construct, use, and/or present an oral and written argument supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem.

Evaluate competing design solutions based on jointly developed and agreed-upon design criteria.

Students can understand that systems may interact with other systems; they may have subsystems and be a part of larger complext systems. They can use models to represent sytems and their interactions -- such as inputs, processes and outputss -- and energy, matter, and information flows within systems. They can also learn that models are limited in that they only represent certain aspects of the system under study.

All living things are made up of cells. In organisms, cells work together to form tissues and organs that are specialized for particular body functions.

A solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results, in order to improve it. There are systematic processes for evaluation solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem. Sometimes parts of different solutions can be combined to create a solution that is better than any of its predecessors. In any case, it is important to be able to communicate and explain solutions to others.

There are systematic process for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem. Comparing different designs could involve running them through the same kinds of tests and systematically recording the results to determine which design performs best. Although one design may not perform the best across all tests, identifying the characteristics of the design that performed the best in each test can provide useful information for the redesign process -- that is, some of those characteristics may be incorporated into the new design. This iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution. Once such a suitable solution is determined, it is important to describe that solution, explain how it was developed, and describe the features that make it successful.